NOVA - Official Website . Join me on a journey down the thermometer, away from the warm world we inhabit, to the realm of cold. Cold is a force we can harness to save us, the stuff we are made of. GREG FAHY (2. 1st Century Medicine): The ability to preserve organs for transplantation. DAVID POGUE: . ROTH (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center): Oh, yeah. DAVID POGUE: We are going to a topsy- turvy world, where heat is the enemy.. Http:// http:// Child star Julie Dawn Cole A.K. Ankommen und sich fortbewegen Wie man ankommt Auf Elba ankommen F. Cala dei Frati Cala dei Frati ist ein kleiner Strand mit weissem Kiesel, nur auf dem Meerweg zu erreichen. Er ist hervorragend gegen. Home >> Our Doctors >> Pediatric Urology Specialists >> William R. Diplomate, American Board of Urology Fellow, American College of Surgeons Visit the North Texas Pediatric Urology Associates website, please click. Building Analysis - Anaha: ~ by Jonathan Ford Building and Site Features Anaha, meaning “reflection of light” in Hawaiian, is located at 1108 Auahu St and is a new luxury high-rise planned by Howard Hughes Corporation and designed by Solomon Cordwell Buenz. The latest arts & entertainment news and reviews. World at Six at 50: 6 defining moments from over the years CELEBRITY POLITICS Trump or Clinton: Consult our celebrity scorecard to see who backs whom. In 'Making Stuff Wilder,' David Pogue explores bold new innovations inspired by the Earth's greatest inventor, life itself. From robotic 'mules' and 'cheetahs' for the.ERIC CORNELL (JILA/National Institute of Standards and Technology): Heat is like noise. DAVID POGUE: . Join me tonight, as we journey down the thermometer. I want to get its autograph. I'm beginning my voyage down the thermometer from a very warm place in the universe Earth. Now, you may think it gets pretty cold here. The lowest temperature ever recorded was minus- 1. Fahrenheit, in Vostok, Antarctica, in 1. But that's a heat wave compared to Saturn, Pluto and most of outer space. We'll get a lot colder than that as we journey down into the weird world of cold, towards absolute zero. But I'm getting ahead of myself. Our first stop is one we can all relate to: 9. Turns out, to learn about the cold, first, I have to get hot. Eighty- two- point- nine? That really doesn't sound so bad. JOHN CASTELLANI: We are going to put you a little hotter than that today. DAVID POGUE: John Castellani is a scientist at the Army's Doriot test chamber. Wow. JOHN CASTELLANI: Yeah, so this is our environmental chamber: 6. DAVID POGUE: This gigantic room is designed to re- create every conceivable environment that a soldier might face, from the frigid mountains of Afghanistan, to the 1. Iraq. JOHN CASTELLANI: . Will we be seeing one of these poor victims. JOHN CASTELLANI: The only victim that we're going to see in here today is yourself. DAVID POGUE: Castellani . To do this, they'll need to track my vital signs. MARISSA SPITZ: For core temperature, you'll be using this rectal probe. DAVID POGUE: Rectal probe? MARISSA SPITZ: It may feel a bit uncomfortable, but. DAVID POGUE: No kidding. MARISSA SPITZ: ? Pretty hot. MARISSA SPITZ: This is mostly for your safety. DAVID POGUE: Oh, thanks for thinking of me. Next, they outfit me in 4. And then, it's into the chamber. JOHN CASTELLANI: It's a hundred and four degrees in here. DAVID POGUE: A hundred and four. JOHN CASTELLANI: Yes. DAVID POGUE: Can I get a little lemon. Within minutes, my temperature is going up. An hour. WOMAN: Actually, it's been about four minutes. JOHN CASTELLANI: Their heart rates will start to rise, their core temperatures start to rise. Your core temperature is around 1. Fahrenheit. Eventually, what will happen is they'll become a heat exhaustion casualty. DAVID POGUE: After two hours, I called it quits. Please tell me there was some valid scientific purpose for that. JOHN CASTELLANI: There is. I mean, really, what we're trying to understand is—when we develop this kind of gear—is can we develop it in such a way that we can allow the body to be able to be able to get rid of the heat? DAVID POGUE: Oh, man. And why did I get so hot? Because of some basic laws of physics, which I seem to have missed in my high school science class. For example: What is heat? And what is cold. EDWARD YARMAK, JR. Temperature is a measure of how much heat energy they have. ERIC CORNELL: Temperature is measuring the motion of atoms. DAVID POGUE: Okay, so heat really is something. It's energy, motion, and you can measure how much of it you have. ERIC CORNELL: More and more heat, your temperature goes up. DAVID POGUE: But cold is another story. ED YARMAK: Because there's no cold flow, there's heat flow. DAVID POGUE: Really. ERIC CORNELL: If you take heat out, your temperature goes down. DAVID POGUE: You mean, you don't put cold in? There's really no such thing as ? So things don't ever really get colder. ED YARMAK: No, they just get less hotter. DAVID POGUE: Yeah, that has a great ring to it. Cold is just rushing right into my flesh. Heat moves from areas of hotter temperatures, or high energy, to areas of lower temperature, or low energy. DAVID POGUE: You can see it through the eyes of this thermal camera, where warm things, like my hand, show up as light orange, and colder things like the spoon are dark. And sure enough. JOHN CASTELLANI: If you put the spoon up against your hand, we can see, heat's going from your hand into the spoon. DAVID POGUE: That's crazy. The reason I was getting so hot on my forced march was the air was hotter, at a higher energy state, than my skin. So, instead of the heat from my core flowing out to the room, the heat from the room flowed into my core. The army has a cool solution. JOHN CASTELLANI: So, David, this is how we're going to cool you off. So what this is is a cooling garment. It's essentially going to circulate water through here. We're going to hook this up to a small refrigerator. DAVID POGUE: Ooh! I just got chills. JOHN CASTELLANI: . But this time, the heat's got somewhere to go: into the vest, and out through the refrigeration unit. JOHN CASTELLANI: A significant difference: 8. Fahrenheit, compared to last time, when it was up around 9. DAVID POGUE: A vest is best if it is cold. SOLDIERS: A vest is best if it is cold. JOHN CASTELLANI: He is feeling better. He seems in better spirits, and those are all the benefits that we see with this particular technology. DAVID POGUE: An hour and a half later, as they remove my Kevlar vest, that dark blue area, that's my chest: 7. But this is just the beginning of what Castellani has in store for me. Forty- one degrees, that's the temperature in the chamber, as ice water rains down on me. That's cold. JOHN CASTELLANI: We're going to do this for 1. DAVID POGUE: Ten minutes. JOHN CASTELLANI: So, to kind of give you an idea of what's going on with you physiologically right now. DAVID POGUE: I know what's going on with me physiologically! I'm turning into an ice cube. JOHN CASTELLANI: Yeah. DAVID POGUE: Castellani and his colleagues developed this procedure, not to torture folks, but to solve a mystery. In 1. 99. 5, a squad of army rangers waded through a swamp in Florida. Within hours, four died of hypothermia, yet the temperature was 5. To understand why they died in such temperate conditions, the army developed this experiment. So after my cold shower? A 3. 0- minute march. JOHN CASTELLANI: We're going to increase the wind. DAVID POGUE: . Suddenly, I'm dreaming of the days when it was a hundred and four. Their investigation discovered that it was this combination of wet, cold and wind that killed the rangers. JOHN CASTELLANI: So, if you were, say, in 5. DAVID POGUE: I can see that. Their research established safety guidelines for troops in the cold. JOHN CASTELLANI: We may be able to tell people, you know, you may be able to last maybe an hour or an hour and a half, in those kinds of conditions. DAVID POGUE: What are the early onset signs of hypothermia. JOHN CASTELLANI: Well, certainly, very intense shivering. DAVID POGUE: Check. JOHN CASTELLANI: Changes, for example, in a person's ability to walk or their gait. DAVID POGUE: What. JOHN CASTELLANI: They start to grumble, they start to mumble. DAVID POGUE: ! Have you never heard of . Clif Callaway is a professor at the University of Pittsburgh. CLIFTON CALLAWAY: There are situations in which hypothermia can be beneficial, for example, patients after cardiac arrest. DAVID POGUE: Patients like Susan Koeppen, a mother of three. A few years ago, she set out for a run with friends. SUSAN KOEPPEN (Cardiac Arrest Survivor): It was a beautiful Sunday morning, in November. DAVID POGUE: She had no idea what was in store. SUSAN KOEPPEN: We're about two miles into the run. DAVID POGUE: When a heart valve suddenly failed. SUSAN KOEPPEN: I put my hands on my knees, and then collapsed on the sidewalk. CLIFTON CALLAWAY: Her heart stopped. SUSAN KOEPPEN: I was gone. CLIFTON CALLAWAY: Cardiac arrest; paramedics arrived. They were able to stabilize her and transport her to the hospital. DAVID POGUE: Fortunately, Callaway and his colleagues were there. Their goal: to stop the brain damage that immediately follows cardiac arrest. CLIFTON CALLAWAY: She was in a coma. We used cooling blankets for hypothermia therapy. DAVID POGUE: To prevent permanent brain damage, in the aftermath of cardiac arrest, they dropped her body temperature to 9. Two days later, they warmed her back up. And soon after. CLIFTON CALLAWAY: She came around and talked to her husband for the first time. SUSAN KOEPPEN: I said, ? She's the lady on the Star Trek: Enterprise. CLIFTON CALLAWAY: This device has water coming in through this tubing and pulls heat out of your body. DAVID POGUE: Very cold. Just like the army's cooling vest, but here, in order to fight brain damage, Callaway brings down body temperatures to 9. CLIFTON CALLAWAY: It lowers the metabolism, it reduces brain swelling, it reduces the likelihood of having seizures. DAVID POGUE: This has proved remarkably effective. CLIFTON CALLAWAY: The odds of waking up are almost two to three times greater for the patient with hypothermia treatment, compared to the patient without. DAVID POGUE: But, amazingly, in North America only 4. It triples your chance of survival, but only 4. CLIFTON CALLAWAY: Yeah, it's disappointing. We really wish it was done more reliably for more patients. DAVID POGUE: Yeah, me too. His treatment can only save the fortunate few cases where paramedics bring back a heartbeat within minutes. Many trauma patients die on the way to the hospital. But biochemist Mark Roth says he has a way to save many of them: by getting colder, a lot colder. MARK ROTH: Well, a simple way to think about it, David, is that we're trying to take the . The problem is that when people get that cold, it usually kills them—usually. MARK ROTH: There are these outliers. DAVID POGUE: He believes the answer to saving thousands of lives lies within these mysterious cases; cases of people who suffered hypothermia so severe, it stopped their hearts, and yet they came back to life. Consider the case of Janice Goodger.
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